The Jewish New Year is, and should be celebrated, in the Spring

 There is significant evidence in the Torah and Rabbinic and other literature that the real Jewish New Year occurs in the spring month of Nisan, the Passover season.  The following sources bear out this idea and corroborate that while we could certainly recognize that linear time progresses from one year to the next in the fall, the spiritual 'Head of the Year'(Rosh Hashanah) takes place in Nisan in the spring.  The festival we call 'Rosh Hashanah', should return to its rightful place as a larger Rosh Chodesh (new month) celebration to start the 7th month.


Will the Real Jewish New Year Please Stand Up?
Rabbi Neil A. Tow
Source Sheet

• Beginnings:  Torah

א וַיֹּ֤אמֶר יְהוָֹה֙ אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֣ה וְאֶֽל־אַֽהֲרֹ֔ן בְּאֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרַ֖יִם לֵאמֹֽר: ב הַחֹ֧דֶשׁ הַזֶּ֛ה לָכֶ֖ם רֹ֣אשׁ חֳדָשִׁ֑ים רִאשׁ֥וֹן הוּא֙ לָכֶ֔ם לְחָדְשֵׁ֖י הַשָּׁנָֽה:

Let this New-Moon be for you the beginning of New-Moons, the beginning-one let it be for you of the New-Moons of the year.(Everett Fox Transl.)

Targum Onkelos:
ירחא הדין לכון ריש ירחיא קדמאי הוא לכון לירחי שתא:
This month will be for you the first of the months for you of the months of the year.

ירחא הדין לכון למקבעיה ריש ירחייא ומניה תשרון לממני חגיא וזמניא ותקופתא קדמאי הוא לכון למנין ירחי שתא:
This month will be for you to establish the beginning of months, and from it you will schedule holidays, special times, and tekufot (solstice-equinox)...it is the beginning of the counting of the months of the year.

Rashi:
החדש הזה - הראהו לבנה בחידושה ואמר לו כשהירח מתחדש יהיה לך ראש חודש. ואין מקרא יוצא מידי פשוטו, על חדש ניסן אמר לו, זה יהיה ראש לסדר מנין החדשים, שיהא אייר קרוי שני, סיון שלישי:
“This month” - God showed him the new moon and said to him, “When the moon is new, it will be for you a new month.  But the verse follows its contextual meaning.  God spoke to Moses regarding the month of Nisan.  Nisan will be the beginning of the order of the months, so that Iyar will be called the second month, and Sivan the third.”

Rashbam (Rashi’s grandson):
ראש חדשים - כר' יהושע שבניסן נברא העולם:
לחדשי השנה - בכל מקום שאומר לכם בחדשים שמיני תשיעי, לחודש הזה הם. ולר' אליעזר האומר בתשרי נברא העולם, עיקר פשוטו כך. החדש הזה לכם. אעפ"י שאינו ראש חדשים לשאר אומות, לכם יהי' ראש חדשים למנות ששי שביעי שמיני תשיעי חדש שנים עשר הוא חודש אדר. ממנו תמנו להיות לכם זכרון [כי] בו יצאתם ממצרים. וכשנאמר בתורה ובחודש השביעי, לירח יציאת מצרים פירושו. וכן רגילים הפסוקים לקחת חשבונם ליציאת מצרים, כדכת' בחודש השלישי לצאת בני ישראל וגו', וכן בבנין הבית ויהי בשמונים שנה וארבע מאות שנה לצאת בני ישראל מ[ארץ] מצרים:

“Head of the months” - According to Rabbi Yehoshua who said the world was created in Nisan.
“For the months of the year” - We count all months from Nisan.  Rabbi Eliezer teaches the world was created in Tishrey...Even though Nisan is not the first month for other peoples, for you it will be the month from which to reckon...such that Adar is the 12th month (as it says in the Book of Ester)...And it is thew way of Torah verses to reckon timing from the Exodus...

Nahum Sarna (Exploring Exodus, 1986)

“Four liturgical calendars are listed in the Torah, and each commences with Passover...The predominant system in biblical literature of the pre-exilic period is to designate the months by the ordinal numbers.  Wherever it can be controlled, it turns out that the enumeration is based on a spring New Year reckoning...on the other hand, there are several biblical passages that indicate an autumnal New Year....”the Feast of Ingathering (חג האסיף) at the end of the year,” and with the dating of this same festival “at the turn of the year.”...Undoubtedly, the year was reckoned to begin at different dates for different purposes...Although the celebration of a festival at this season (spring) was quite common in the Near East, the Israelite version belongs to a wholly different category from its contemporaries in that the New Year is now grounded neither in nature’s renewal nor in mythology...but in a historic event.  Such a revolutionary phenomenon is without analogy in the ancient world.”(pp. 81-85)

What of “Rosh Hashanah”, the first day of Tishrey?

דַּבֵּ֛ר אֶל־בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל לֵאמֹ֑ר בַּחֹ֨דֶשׁ הַשְּׁבִיעִ֜י בְּאֶחָ֣ד לַחֹ֗דֶשׁ יִהְיֶ֤ה לָכֶם֙ שַׁבָּת֔וֹן זִכְר֥וֹן תְּרוּעָ֖ה מִקְרָא־קֹֽדֶשׁ:
Leviticus 23:24 (Also 29:1)
“Speak to the Children of Israel saying, ‘In the seventh month, on the first of the month, there will be for you a Sabbath-ceasing, a reminder by horn-blasting, a proclamation of holiness...”(Fox)

Chayim Schauss:
“Jews...before the Babylonian Exile, observed neither Rosh Hashanah nor Yom Kippur....they observed only one festival at that time of year, the Festival of the Ingathering (חג האסיף)...That festival had many rites...now associated with RH, YK, and Sukkot....later...after the Babylonian Exile...[this] autumn festival was divided into three separate holidays.”(p. 113)

*How to reconcile Tishrey as New Year with Nisan as New Year?

“The usual explanation given...is that in older times Jews began the year in the fall, but they were later influenced by the...Babylonians who observed the New Year in the spring....the religious ceremonies in honor of the New Year, however, they continued to observe in the fall.”

However...
Josephus (Antiquities Vol 1, 3:3) says that the religious New Year comes in Nisan and the civil New Year in Tishrey.  Karaites observe the first of Nisan as Rosh Hashanah.

*Perhaps 1 Tishrey in the ancient world was a “more exalted New Moon observance” (horn would be played at the beginning of every month)....[and] exactly as the 7th day and 7th year were holy, so, undoubtedly was the 7th month.(p. 117)


The fall New Year though really was the 10th day (our Yom Kippur):

בְּעֶשְׂרִ֣ים וְחָמֵ֣שׁ שָׁנָ֣ה לְ֠גָלוּתֵנוּ בְּרֹ֨אשׁ הַשָּׁנָ֜ה בֶּעָשׂ֣וֹר לַחֹ֗דֶשׁ בְּאַרְבַּ֤ע עֶשְׂרֵה֙ שָׁנָ֔ה אַחַ֕ר אֲשֶׁ֥ר הֻכְּתָ֖ה הָעִ֑יר
In the 25th year of our exile, on Rosh Hashanah, the 10th day of the month, in the 14th year after the destruction of the City...(Ezekiel 40:1)

IN THE DAYS OF THE RABBIS - Post 2nd Temple:

ארבעה ראשי שנים הם באחד בניסן ראש השנה למלכים ולרגלים באחד באלול ראש השנה למעשר בהמה רבי אלעזר ורבי שמעון אומרים באחד בתשרי באחד בתשרי ראש השנה לשנים ולשמיטין וליובלות לנטיעה ולירקות באחד בשבט ראש השנה לאילן כדברי בית שמאי בית הלל אומרים בחמשה עשר בו:

There are four ‘New Years’:  1st of Nisan - New Year of Kings and Holidays, 1st of Elul - New Year for the cattle tithe.  Rabbi Elazar and Rabbi Shimon teach:  1st of Tishrey - 1st of Tishrey is New Year for years, shemittah, for planting and produce, 1st of Shevat - New Year of Trees (according to Beit Shammai), Beit Hillel teaches:  15th of Shevat.

*Does the “New Year (for Jubilee)” in Tishrey begin on the first day or the tenth day? (Referring to the last point in the previous section)

יובלות באחד בתשרי הוא? יובלות בעשרה בתשרי הוא! דכתיב +ויקרא כה+ ביום הכפרים תעבירו שופר!
Does the Jubilee begin on the first of Tishrey?  It is on the 10th day of Tishrey! As it is written, (Leviticus 25) “On Yom Kippur cause the shofar to sound...”(BT Rosh Hashanah 8b)


THE KUZARI - Judah Halevi, Spain - Israel (ca. 1075 - 1141 CE)
Kitâb al-Radd wa-?l-Dal?l fi 'l-Dîn al-Dhalîl (The Book of Refutation and Proof on the Despised Faith, 1140), commonly called The Kuzari, after the king of the Khazars, reported to have converted to Judaism in the 8th century.

“He [King of the Khazars]  then invited a Jewish Rabbi, and asked him about his belief.

The Rabbi replied: I believe in the God of Abraham, Isaac and Israel, who led the children of Israel out of Egypt with signs and miracles; who fed them in the desert and gave them the land, after having made them traverse the sea and the Jordan in a miraculous way; who sent Moses with His law, and subsequently thousands of prophets, who confirmed His law by promises to the observant. and threats to the disobedient. Our belief is comprised in the Torah -- a very large domain.”